Burkitt Lymphoma Essay Example for Free

Burkitt Lymphoma Essay Burkitt Lymphoma was mapped out in geographic dispersion across Africa by Dr. Denis Parsons Burkitt (Huang 2005). This ailment is a high evaluation B-cell neoplasm, which has two significant structures: the endemic (I. e. African nature) and the non-endemic (I. e. inconsistent nature). Burkitt Lymphoma is fundamentally found as youth tumor, yet it is, likewise, seen in grown-up patients (Huang 2005). This Lymphoma type is one of the quickest developing malignancies in people, and it has a high development division (Huang 2005). Burkitt Lymphoma is a monoclonal multiplication of B lymphocytes that is described by little non-divided cells is had all the earmarks of being uniform in appearance (Huang 2005). It creates a diffuse example of tissue contribution. While under the magnifying lens, this lymphoma is described by the nearness of a â€Å"starry sky† appearance because of dispersed macrophages with phagocyte cell garbage; this is seen in other exceptionally multiply lymphomas, also (Huang 2005). The African type of this lymphoma frequently includes the maxilla or mandible and the contribution of stomach organs, for example the kidneys, ovaries, and retroperitoneal structures, however is to some degree less normal (Huang 2005). Unexpectedly, the inconsistent structure includes the stomach organs: distal ileum, cecum, and mesentery. The contribution of pelvic organs or facial bones is uncommon (Huang 2005). Most of Burkitt Lymphomas convey an interpretation of the c-myc oncogene from chromosome eight to the immunoglobulin (lg) substantial chain area on chromosome fourteen (t 8;14)or a light-chain loci chromosome two (t 8;2)or chromosome twenty-two (t 8;22) (Huang 2005). Inside the African type of Burkitt Lymphoma, The Epstein-Barr infection (EBV) has been ensnared firmly and the relationship in the irregular structure is less clear (Huang 2005). Epstein-Barr infection is related in around 20% of inconsistent cases. The uncommon cases in grown-up are typically connected with immunodeficiency, overwhelmingly AIDS, separately (Huang 2005). Some have contemplated, the host can't create sufficient T-lymphocyte reaction or Epstein-Barr explicit cytoxic T-cells (Huang 2005). This along these lines brings about extreme B cell multiplication. The lymphocytes have receptors particularly for the Epstein-Barr infection and are the particular targets (Huang 2005). In the African structure, the hosts are accepted to be not able to build an appropriate resistant reaction to essential Epstein-Barr contamination. This is conceivable because of concurrent jungle fever or different contaminations that are immunosuppressive, likewise (Huang 2005). Burkitt Lymphoma is an incredibly uncommon malignancy in the United States, with just 100 new cases every year. Notwithstanding, Burkitt Lymphoma is endemic in numerous areas of central Africa and other tropical districts between scopes 10â ° south and 10â ° north. The recurrence of this malignant growth in these endemic districts is 100 for every million kids (Huang 2005). The male-to-female proportion is 2-3:1, and the most widely recognized an in youngsters is seven years old is the mean in African, eleven years old is the current mean outside of Africa (Huang 2005). Preceding forceful restorative treatment program, youngsters with Burkitt Lymphoma kicked the bucket quickly. Be that as it may, with a mix of chemotherapy and CNS prophylaxis the endurance rate has increment to in any event 60%; and patients with a restricted malady currently have a 90% possibility of endurance (Huang 2005). Patients with bone marrow and CNS association have a poor anticipation. Grown-ups with the malady, particularly those in the propelled stage, accomplish more inadequately than influenced kids (Huang 2005). In the African structure, patients regularly present expanding of the mandible and other facial bone with the extricating of teeth, and expanding of the lymph hubs, which have quick development beneath the mandible (Huang 2005). Patients who have the inconsistent structure are normally given stomach tumors that cause expanding and torment in the influenced zone; not many patients have side effects of entrail hindrance that is brought about by tumor development (Huang 2005). Burkitt tumors development is massively quick in nature, and patients have clear metabolic unhinging and renal capacity hindrance and may incorporate epidural mass, skin knobs, focal sensory system side effects, and bone marrow association (Huang 2005). Uncommon instances of Burkitt lymphoma can give intense leukemia fever, iron deficiency, dying, and adenopathy (Huang 2005). Chief pointers of Burkitt Lymphoma incorporate delicate tissue mass related with association of the mandible, amplified cervical lymph hubs, stomach masses, and ascites (Huang 2005). In addition, the specific reason and instruments of this lymphoma are by and by obscure. It is significant that Burkitt Lymphoma is recognized from other stomach tumors in adolescence, for example, Wilms tumor, neuroblastoma, and fringe neuroectodermal tumor (Huang 2005). Additionally, inside the bone marrow, B and T antecedents and myeloid leukemia must be recognized (Huang 2005). Foundational chemotherapy is the treatment for this lymphoma is every one of its stages. The endurance rate at last relies upon the phase at beginning finding (Huang 2005). Patients with a limited disease react well to chemotherapy, with an astounding pace of endurance. Cyclophosphamide treatment has been therapeudic for 80% of kids in Africa with the beginning period of Burkitt Lymphoma (Brock 1996). The impact of cyclophosphamide is because of its metabolite phosphoramide mustard (Brock 1996). The metabolite is just shaped in cells which have low degrees of aldehyde dehydrogenase. The Phosphoramide mustard structures DNA cross connections between and inside DNA strands this prompts cell demise (Brock 1996). Be that as it may, blend chemotherapy has improved treatment results. Concentrated, brief length, alkylator-based regimens are fundamental for all patients with the inconsistent structure (Huang 2005). In patients with AIDS, Burkitt Lymphoma is in cutting edge stage at time of diganosis and will in general include extranodal locales (Huang 2005). Besides, as a result of basic immunodeficiency and leukopenia, these patients endure foundational chemotherapy inadequately. A patient’s lapse as a rule follows not long after conclusion (Huang 2005). A multi week regiment of cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone was successful for beginning times of the sickness and a more drawn out routine incorporated a mix with radiation (Link et al. 1997). The fix rate more than surpassed 90% with negligible poisonousness. In this manner, a lesser-escalated treatment is under assessment as a possibly viable intends to avoid pointless harmfulness for patients with beginning times (Link et al. 1997). This may accomplish comparable fix rates acquired with delayed treatment (Link et al. 1997). Vanderbilt Medical Center has revealed results for patients with poor-forecast non-Hodgkin Lymphoma, which incorporates Burkitt Lymphoma, utilizing a high portion and brief length consolidated chemotherapy containing cyclophosphamide, etoposide, doxorubicin, vincristine, bleomycin, methotrexate with leucovorin salvage, prednisone (Huang 2005). Burkitt Lymphoma patients have a high danger of tumor lysis condition before chemotherapy is begun on account of quick tumor cell turnover (Huang 2005). This is dangerous and ought to be envisioned and routed to the patient before starting treatment (Huang 2005). Treatment ought to be preformed at a legitimate office with renal dialysis is accessible, transcendently for patients with movement of ailment (Huang 2005). Treatment of repetitive Burkitt lymphoma is troublesome. Bone marrow transplantation is the main any desire for long haul endurance for these patients (Huang 2005). Burkitt Lymphoma is a high evaluation B-cell neoplasm, which is exceptionally endemic in Central Africa and inconsistent all through different nations (Huang 2005). This infection is the quickest developing danger in youngsters. A blend chemotherapy is the most impact method of treatment and has high fix rates inside beginning times, and the moderate fix rates for advanced patients (Huang 2005). References Brock N. (1996). The historical backdrop of the oxazaphosphorine cytostatics. Malignancy. 78:542-7. Connection MP, Shuster JJ, Donaldson SS, et al. (1997). Treatment of youngsters and youthful grown-ups with beginning time non-Hodgkins lymphoma. New England Journal of Medicine. 30 October 1997; 337(18): 1259-66. Huang, H, MD, PhD et al.. (2005). Burkitt Lymphoma. eMedicine. Date visited 19 April 2006. http://www. emedicine. com/prescription/topic256. htm

Does Television Advertisement Have Positive Impact on Consumer

You should have at any rate once in your life seen TV promotions which caused you to feel exhausted and conclude that you could never purchase these items. Truth be told, TV promoting turns into a key part in advertising methodologies. Presumably, there are numerous business promotions that produce great reactions directly after its first communicate. Nonetheless, these days, buyers are anything but difficult to â€Å"allergic† to the ads that they don't have emotions. TV promotions cause negative impacts to customers since they not fit consumers’ way of managing money and thinking, use pictures that are irritating, and never come clean with about items. BODY: Many organizations use TV commercials to infiltrate the market yet they didn't succeed. The explanation was that they overlooked the key guideline in showcasing which is to placed yourself in the consumer’s circumstance. As indicated by Issabelle Szmigin, The demonstration of utilization by individuals is totally different to the image now and then delivered from investigations of utilization. It is one reason why a few brands keep on carrying on with an enchanted life and others can't. Kids, for instance, can react decidedly from this age to the cutting edge with a similar toy and reject others following a couple of long stretches of intrigue. Then again, just like the instance of Novo, the organization plainly get off-base methodologies and conserves yet at the same time become fruitful in the area of human services, while some different brands are expelled for progressively complex strategic and vital explanation which the purchaser will never think about. Truth be told, you can see numerous TV notices, that publicized in the timespan are irritating, particularly is 12 PM. Take a stab at asking, as of now, what number of individuals should sit before the TV holding back to see them. Other than that, numerous ads are exceptionally mind boggling and have numerous subtleties that caused the crowds to need to think. This makes clients feel awkward with the item. The significant thing here is the TV promoting sometimes falls short for the customers' ways of managing money, contemplations, so their disappointment in the market get to is unavoidable. For a considerable length of time, huge publicizing shows up on TV. Other than the great ads, there are numerous commercials that utilizing rough pictures, loss of culture. We despite everything realize that the publicizing are vital, however the way of life in promoting significantly increasingly significant. Particularly, with moms who are bringing up small kids, publicizing is a viable arrangement in helping kids eat and learn, so they require a ton from ads. Agreeing Scott Ward, the degree to which kids endeavor to impact parental buying is large. His exploration likewise reports information from moms of little youngsters, concerning their impression of the recurrence with which TV ads impact their kids to need publicized items, and the degree to which guardians respect kids' s buy impact endeavors. (Report Number 1, Effects of Television publicizing on youngsters and youths, 1971, p. 5). Mother's choice to buy much affected from their kids. The decision of picture advertisements is critical however indeed, numerous advertisers overlooked this issue. There are numerous promotions that utilization terrible pictures that are not powerful to impact the thinking about the youngsters or alluring to them. What's more, obviously, the mother could never purchase that item. Culture publicizing isn't just advance the maker's image, dispersion in the majority so as to sell more merchandise, yet in addition assist shoppers with choosing item that suit with their requirements. Other than that, culture publicizing is the regard of buyers. In this way, TV publicizing has caused negative effects on buyer if terrible pictures are utilized, making watchers susceptible to those items.

Anarchy :: essays papers

Political agitation Political agitation is the hypothesis of life and lead under which social associations exist without government impedance or help. It isn't disarray, nor psychological oppression, and has no association with silly viciousness; insurgency is just existing without being represented. Agreement in such a general public would be acquired not by accommodation to laws, or by submission to any type of authority, however by uninhibitedly entered understandings between people. The United States has solid connections to political agitation, a fairly incomprehensible circumstance. It was brought about by, and is even right up 'til the present time continually being refined by revolutionaries; individuals who keep up the view that the most noteworthy accomplishment of humankind is simply the opportunity of people to communicate unhindered by any type of outside restraint. Men, for example, any semblance of Thomas Jefferson, one of the establishing fathers, whose perspectives can best be summed up in something he lectured, On the off chance that you think individuals unequipped for practicing their decisions with healthy caution, the arrangement isn't to remove their decisions, yet to illuminate their watchfulness. So where did the idea of insurgency originate from? Might it be able to be innate in human instinct, a hold over from immaturity maybe? Might it be able to be individuals are normally contradicted to being determined what to do? Abraham Lincoln, during the renowned Lincoln-Douglas discusses, said something that sums up human see towards being represented, No man is sufficient to oversee another man without that other's assent. The cutting edge idea of rebellion similar to a kind of moral common society came during the French Revolution, around 1848. A man named Pierre Joseph Pfoudhon imagined a general public wherein individuals' moral nature and sense of good obligation would be so exceptionally built up that administration would be superfluous to control and secure society, and is in this manner credited with fathering present day political agitation. Rebellion requires a great deal of responsibility on the some portion of the person. How does the well-known adage go With opportunity comes duty. On an individual level, nobody wishes to be overwhelmed, yet at the same time the individual wouldn't like to be encroached upon by others. A Russian-American revolutionary and ladies' privileges dissident named Emma Goldman expressed, I need full opportunity and participation to develop as a person, to gain intelligence and information. She doesn't allude to opportunity of others, just herself. Ravenousness of opportunities is justifiable on the grounds that it is so difficult to believe others to consistently do what is acceptable. Socrates may react, To realize the great is to do the great. Can the possibility of a moral common society, a term instituted by Adam Michnik in Turmoil :: expositions papers Turmoil Turmoil is the hypothesis of life and direct under which social cooperations exist without government impedance or help. It isn't disarray, nor fear based oppression, and has no association with silly viciousness; turmoil is just existing without being represented. Amicability in such a general public would be acquired not by accommodation to laws, or by submission to any type of authority, however by openly entered understandings between people. The United States has solid connections to political agitation, a fairly confusing circumstance. It was brought about by, and is even right up 'til today continually being refined by revolutionaries; individuals who keep up the view that the most noteworthy accomplishment of humankind is simply the opportunity of people to communicate unhindered by any type of outside constraint. Men, for example, any semblance of Thomas Jefferson, one of the establishing fathers, whose perspectives can best be summed up in something he lectured, On the off chance that you think individuals unequipped for practicing their decisions with healthy circumspection, the arrangement isn't to remove their decisions, yet to advise their carefulness. So where did the idea of rebellion originate from? Would it be able to be natural in human instinct, a hold over from immaturity maybe? Might it be able to be individuals are normally restricted to being determined what to do? Abraham Lincoln, during the well known Lincoln-Douglas discusses, said something that sums up human see towards being administered, No man is adequate to oversee another man without that other's assent. The advanced idea of turmoil just like a kind of moral common society came during the French Revolution, around 1848. A man named Pierre Joseph Pfoudhon imagined a general public where individuals' moral nature and sense of good obligation would be so exceptionally built up that legislature would be superfluous to direct and ensure society, and is subsequently credited with fathering current turmoil. Disorder requires a great deal of duty on the some portion of the person. How does the well-known axiom go With opportunity comes obligation. On an individual level, nobody wishes to be ruled, yet at the same time the individual wouldn't like to be encroached upon by others. A Russian-American rebel and ladies' privileges lobbyist named Emma Goldman stated, I need full opportunity and collaboration to advance as a person, to gain shrewdness and information. She doesn't allude to opportunity of others, just herself. Eagerness of opportunities is reasonable on the grounds that it is so difficult to believe others to consistently do what is acceptable. Socrates may react, To realize the great is to do the great. Can the possibility of a moral common society, a term instituted by Adam Michnik in

Important Forest Trees - Free Essay Example

Important Forest Trees And Their Uses ( Originally Published 1922 ) Of our native trees, the white pine is one of the best and most valuable. It is a tall straight tree that grows to a height of 100 to 150 feet. It produces wood that is light in weight and easy to work because it is so soft. At ,one time there were extensive pine forests in the northeastern states. Many of the trees were very large, and occasionally one may still see pine stumps that are 5 to 6 feet in diameter. White pine made fine lumber for houses and other buildings and this timber was among the first to be exhausted in the country. Spruce trees have long furnished the bulk of the woodpulp used in making our supplies of paper. These trees live in the colder climates of the northern states. They like to grow in low, wet localities close to lakes or rivers. The spruces generally do not grow higher than 75-100 feet. The wood is soft like pine and even whiter in color. The aboriginal Indians used the roots of the spruce trees as thread, twine and rope. The cedar trees, which are landmarks in many of our northern states, yield light, soft, durable wood that is useful in making poles, fence posts, lead pencils and cedar chests. The wood of the red cedar gives off a peculiar odor which is said to keep moths away from clothes stored in cedar chests, but it is the close construction of the chest which keeps them out. These trees are be-coming scarce in all parts of the country. Cedars generally are small trees that grow slowly and live a long time. The outside wood is white and the heartwood is red or yellow. Cedar posts last a long time and are excellent for use in farm fences. Chestnut blight, which destroys entire forests of chestnut timber, is gradually exhausting our supplies of this wood. Chestnut timber has long been used for railroad ties, fence posts and in the manufacture of cheap furniture . The wood is soft and brown in color. The bark and wood are treated at special plants i n such a way that an extract which is valuable for tanning leather is obtained. Chestnut trees are upstanding, straight trees that tower 80 to 100 feet above the ground. The extinction of our chestnut forests threatens as no effectual control measures for checking the chestnut blight disease over large areas has yet been discovered. The yellow poplar or tulip poplar furnishes timber for the manufacture of furniture, paper, the interior of railroad cars and automobiles. The dugouts of the early settlers and Indians were hewed out of poplar logs. These boats were stronger than those made of canoe birch. Poplar wood is yellow in color and soft in texture. The poplar is the largest broad-leaf tree in this country and the trees are of great size and height. Some specimens found in the mountains of the South have been over 200 feet high and 8 to 10 feet in diameter, while poplars 125 to 150 feet high are quite common. Among our most useful and valuable trees are the white oak, and i ts close kin, the red oak, which produce a brown-colored, hard wood of remark-able durability. The white oak is the monarch of the forest, as it lives very long and is larger and stronger than the majority of its associates. The timber is used for railroad ties, furniture, and in general construction work where tough, durable lumber is needed. Many of our wooden ships have been built of oak. The white oaks often grow as high as 100 feet and attain massive dimensions. The seeds of the white oaks are light brown acorns, which are highly relished by birds and animals. Many southern farmers range their hogs in white oak forests so that the porkers can live on the acorn crop. Beech wood is strong and tough and is used in making boxes and barrels and casks for the shipment of butter, sugar and other foods. It makes axles and shafts for water-wheels that will last for many years. The shoes worn by Dutch children are generally made of beech. The wood is red in color. The beech tree is of medium size growing to a height of about 75 feet above the ground. There is only one common variety of beech tree in this country. Hickory trees are very popular because they produce sweet, edible nuts. The hickory wood is exceedingly strong and tough. and is used wherever stout material is needed. For the spokes, wheels and bodies of buggies and wagons, for agricultural implements, for automobile wheels and for handles, hickory is unexcelled. The shafts of golf clubs as well as some types of base-ball bats are made of hickory. Most hickory trees are easy to identify on account of their shaggy bark. The nuts of the hickory, which ripen in the autumn, are sweet, delicious and much in demand. Our native elm tree is stately, reaching a height of 100 feet and a diameter of 5 to 6 feet or more. It is one of our best shade trees. Elm wood is light brown in color and very heavy and strong. It is the best available wood for making wagon wheel hubs. and is also used largely for basket s and barrels. The rims of bicycle wheels generally are made of elm. The canoe birch is a tree which was treasured by the early Indians because it yielded bark for making canoes. Birch wood is used in making shoe lasts and pegs because of its strength and light weight, and the millions of spools on which cotton is wound are made of birch wood. School desks and church furniture, also, are made of birch. The orange-colored inner bark of the birch tree is so fine and delicate that the early settlers could use it as they would paper. No matter whether birch wood is green or dry, it will burn readily. The birch was the most useful tree of the forest to the Indians. Its bark was used not only. for making their canoes, but also for building their wigwams. They even dried and ground the inner bark into a flour which they used as a food. The northern sugar maple is another tree which is a favorite in all sections where it is grown. This tree yields a hard wood that is the best and toug hest timber grown in some localities. The trees grow to heights of 75 to 100 feet and attain girths of 5 to 9 feet. Maple lumber is stout and heavy. It makes fine flooring and is used in skating rinks and for bowling alleys. Many pianos are made of maple. Wooden dishes and rolling pins are usually made from maple wood. During the spring of the year when the sap is flowing, the average mature maple tree will yield from fifteen to twenty gallons of sap in a period of three to four weeks. This sap is afterwards boiled down to maple syrup and sugar. Hemlock trees, despite the fact that they rank among the most beautiful trees of the forest, produce lumber which is suitable only for rough building operations. The wood is brown and soft and will not last long when exposed to the weather. It cracks and splits easily because it is so brittle. Hemlock is now of considerable importance as pulpwood for making paper. For many years, a material important for tanning leather has been extracted in large amounts from the bark of hemlock trees. One of the most pleasing uses to which the balsam fir is put is as Christmas trees. Some-times it is used in making paper pulp. The balsam fir seldom grows higher than 50 feet or thicker than 12 inches. The leaves of this tree have a very sweet odor and are in demand at Christmas time. Foresters and woodsmen often use balsam boughs to make their beds and pillows when camping in the woods. Our native supplies of hardwoods and soft-woods are used for general building purposes, for farm repairs, for railroad ties, in the furniture and veneer industry, in the handle industry, and in the vehicle and agricultural implement industries. On the average each American farmer ses about 2,000 board feet of lumber each year. New farm building decreased in the several years following the World War, due to the high price of lumber and labor. As a result of this lack of necessary building, millions of dollars worth of farm machinery stood out in t he weather. Livestock lacked stables in some sections. Very little building was done in that period in two hundred and fifty prosperous agricultural counties in thirty two different states. The railroads consume about 15 per cent. of our total lumber cut. They use between 100,000,000 and 125,000,000 railroad ties a year. It used to be that most of the cross-ties were of white oak cut close to the places where they were used. Now Douglas fir, southern pine and other woods are being used largely throughout the Middle Western and Eastern States. The supply of white oak ties is small and the prices are high. Some years ago, when white oak was abundant, the railroads that now are using other cross-ties would not have even considered such material for use in their roadbeds. The fact that other ties are now being used emphasizes the fact that we are short on oak timber in the sections where this hardwood formerly was common. The furniture industry uses hardwoods of superior grade and quality. The factories of this industry have moved from region to region as the supply of hardwoods became depleted. Originally, these factories were located in the Northeastern States. Then, as the supplies of hardwood timber in those sections gave out, they moved westward. They remained near the Corn Belt until the virgin hardwood forests of the Middle West were practically exhausted. The furniture industry is now largely dependent on what hardwoods are left in the remote sections of the Southern Appalachians and the lower Mississippi Valley. When these limited supplies are used up, there will be very little more old-growth timber in the country for them to use. The furniture, veneer, handle, vehicle, auto-mobile and agricultural implement industries all are in competition for hardwood timber. The furniture industry uses 1,250,000,000 feet of high-grade hardwood lumber annually. Production of timber of this type for furniture has decreased as much as 50 per cent. during the pa st few years. It is now difficult for the furniture factories and veneer plants to secure enough raw materials. Facilities for drying the green lumber artificially are few. It used to be that the hardwood lumber was seasoned for six to nine months be-fore being sold. Furniture dealers now have to buy the material green from the sawmills. Competition has become so keen that buyers pay high prices. They must have the material to keep their plants running and to supply their trade. The veneer industry provides furniture manufacturers, musical instrument factories, box makers and the automobile industry with high-grade material. The industry uses annually 780,000,000 board feet of first quality hardwood cut from virgin stands of timber. Red gum and white oak are the hardwoods most in demand. In the Lake States, a branch of the veneer industry which uses maple, birch and basswood is located. Oak formerly was the most important wood used. Now red gum has replaced the oak, as the sup plies of the latter timber have dwindled. At present there is less than one fourth of a normal supply of veneer timber in sight. Even the supplies in the farmers wood-lands are being depleted. The industry is now largely dependent on the timber of the southern Mississippi Valley. The veneer industry requires best-grade material. Clear logs are demanded that are at least 16 inches in diameter at the small end. It is getting harder every year to secure such logs. Like the furniture industry, the veneer mills lack adequate supplies of good timber. No satisfactory substitutes for the hickory and ash used in the handle industry have yet been found. About the only stocks of these timbers now left are in the Southern States. Even in those parts the supplies are getting short and it is necessary to cut timber in the more remote sections distant from the railroad. The ash short-age is even more serious than that of hickory timber. The supplies of ash in the Middle West States north of the Ohio River are practically exhausted. The demand for ash and hickory handles is larger even than before the World War. The entire world depends on the United States for handles made from these woods. Handle dealers are now willing to pay high prices for ash and hickory timber. Some of them prepared for the shortage by buying tracts of hardwood timber. When these reserves are cut over, these dealers will be in the same position as the rest of the trade. Ash and hickory are in demand also by. the vehicle and agricultural implement industries. They also use considerable oak and compete with the furniture industry to secure what they need of this timber. Most of these plants are located in the Middle West but they draw their timber chiefly from the South. Hickory is a necessary wood to the vehicle industry for use in spokes and wheels. The factories exert every effort to secure adequate supplies of timber from the farm woodlands, sawmills and logging camps. The automobile industr y now uses considerable hickory in the wheels and spokes of motor cars. Most of the stock used by the vehicle industry is purchased green. Neither the lumber nor vehicle industry is equipped with enough kilns for curing this green material. The losses in working and manufacturing are heavy, running as high as 40 per cent. Many substitutes for ash, oak and hickory have been tried but they have failed to prove satisfactory. On account of the shortage and the high prices of hickory, vehicle factories are using steel in place of hickory wherever possible. Steel is more expensive but it can always be secured in quantity when needed. Furthermore, it is durable and very strong. Thus we see that our resources of useful soft woods and hard woods have both been so diminished that prompt reforestation of these species is an urgent necessity.

Tips for Learning Irregular Verb Conjugations in Spanish

Learning the Spanish conjugation of verbs can seem cumbersome for those of us who are native English speakers. Most forms of English verbs vary little, we often add a -s or -es in the third-person singular and add -ed for the simple past tense. In Spanish, by comparison, verbs undergo many changes. If you can unlock the key to verbs, then you can unlock the key to the language. Regular verbs, meaning verbs with three common endings, -ar, -er and -ir that are conjugated or change the same way according to their ending, can take on 16 different forms due to changes in tense, mood or inflection. Irregular verbs, may seem even more insurmountable. Irregular verbs can have more than 50 different patterns. What follows are some handy tips for handling irregular verbs. Thankfully, there are few patterns that emerge that can help Spanish learners grasp irregular verb changes. Irregular Verbs Are Common Since many irregular verbs are commonly used, it will not take long until the irregular forms come naturally. English provides a good example of this. The English verb, to be, is perhaps the most commonly used verb in English. Its conjugation is irregular, too. Am, is, are are all forms of the verb. In Spanish, the verb to be, has two forms that are both irregular. Lets look at one form, ser, which is the permanent form. The conjugation  is not regular, and like English, the forms must be memorized. An example of ser  translated into the indicative, present tense is soy, meaning am,  eres, meaning are and  es, meaning is.   Irregular Verbs Can Follow Regular Patterns A number of verbs with an e in the stem change to an -ie- form when that syllable is emphasized. Thus calentar becomes calienta, comenzar becomes comienza  and perder becomes pierde. All follow a similar pattern in certain conjugations. In some ways, when you learn one irregular verb you will also learn dozens more. Irregular Verbs Have Many Similarities Many irregular verbs have similarities, most notably, verbs that are irregular in the future tense are irregular in the same way in the conditional form. For example, decir, to tell,  becomes dirà ­a in the first-person conditional and dirà © in the first-person future. Another example of this  is hacer, to do, becomes  harà ­a in the first-person conditional and  harà © in the first-person future. In these examples, for decir, the -ec- in the stem turns into -ir- and for hacer, the -ac- in the stem turns into -ir-. The ending gets dropped and gets conjugated according to the regular ending changes in the conditional and future tense for -ir and -er. Look at Pronunciations Some verbs are irregular only in their spelling. A good example of this is the verb  sacar, meaning to take out,  which  becomes saquà © in the first-person preterite.  If sacar  was conjugated using the regular -ar verb change, it would be sacà ©, which is not a Spanish spelling. It looks and  sounds incorrect in Spanish. This skill will take some  time to acquire since pronunciations will start to look or sound incorrect the more a speaker practices Spanish. Most Used Irregular Verbs Irregular Verb Meaning Ser or Estar To be Haber or Tener To have Hacer To do Decir To say, to tell Sentir To feel Poner To put Seguir To follow Ir To go Ver To see Saber To know Querer To want Dar To give

The Cultural Culture Of Japan - 1459 Words

In the world today, we are exposed to many different cultures; America is a great example of this. It is a giant melting pot full of many unique people who bring their cultures from around the world. Thanks to them, we have little parts of towns that are chock full of their culture, like China Town and Little Italy. We also have them to thank for all the different types of food and styles of cooking that they have brought over. But what about the cultures of other countries, have Americans influenced their culture like they did to ours? One country that really interested me in answering this question was in Japan. Japan is packed full of culture from their old traditions of their new futuristic culture and has Americans have any part in their pop culture transformation? From the earliest of times Japan was full of culture. The Nara period, which is the years of the history that covers from 710 AD to 794 AD, was a big year for writers. During this period some of Japan s literary monuments were written, including the Kojiki and Nihongi, the Man yoshu, also known as the Collection of Ten Thousand Leaves, and the Kaifuso. Another major cultural development of the era was the establishment of Buddhism in Japan. Buddhism was first introduced in the sixth century, years 501 AD to 600 AD, but had a mixed reception until the Nara period. 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Thank You for Smoking In Hcom 100, Professor Zamora showed the movie called â€Å"Thank You for Smoking†. This movie had many examples relating to the terms ethos, logos, and pathos, which were also taught in class. There are people who tend to believe people whom they respect this concept goes under the theme ethos. The Greek character for ethos refers to the credibility of the writer or speaker. In other words it is the amount of respectability of the person that determines whether they are heard or not. The next term is logos, which is the means of persuading by the use of reasoning. Logos refers to the internal consistency of the message. This usually means the clarity of the claim, the logic of its reasons, and the effectiveness of its supporting evidence. Pathos on the other hand is often associated with an emotional appeal. The term means persuading by appealing to the reader’s emotions. All these terms are were used by Nick Naylor in the movie â€Å"Thank You for Smoking†. He was able to use all three of these terms very well. For example when he uses the statement â€Å"Michael Jordan plays ball, Charles Manson kills people, and I talk everyone has a talent. † In this statement he was able to use logos. Nick Naylor was able to explain why he was give reasoning to why he was good at what he does without actually. The next example also has to do with logos. Nick Naylor in the movie is explaining to his son how being right in an argument doesn’t necessarily mean he has to be right, he has to just convince the audience that the other person is wrong. â€Å".. If it is your job to be right, then you’re never wrong. He uses the example of ice cream and the goal was to defend vanilla ice cream, he then says â€Å"well, i need more than chocolate. And for that matter, I need more than vanilla. I believe that we need freedom and choice when it comes to our ice cream, and that, Joey Naylor, that is the definition of liberty. † In this example his clarity of the claim he is trying to pro ve is crystal clear. Nick Naylor is able to defend vanilla ice cream by just stating the fact that people need more than just chocolate and vanilla ice cream, thus proving the point that chocolate ice cream isn’t the best ice cream. The next example has to do with the same concept as the first example, but Nick Naylor uses a different tactic. Lorne Lutch asks Nick Naylor â€Å"You look like a nice fella. What are you doing working for these assholes? † Nick Naylor then proceeds to say â€Å"I’m good at it. I’m better at doing this than I ever was at doing anything else. † When Nick Naylor responds to Lorne Lutch’s question he uses pathos. By using emotion he draws in Lorne Lutch when telling him why he likes his job. This technique is also used when he is talking about his son during the testimony. Senator Lothridge asks Nick Naylor â€Å" Now as we discussed earlier these warning labels are not for those who know but rather for those who don’t know, what about the children? † Nick Naylor then responded with â€Å" Education†¦I doesn’t come off a†¦carton. It comes from†¦more importantly our parents. I look at my son †¦ and can’t help but think that I am responsible for his growth and his development†¦Ã¢â‚¬  he is able to askew from the question asked and involves his own child to give emotion to his response. It is hard for Nick Naylor to use the technique ethos because nobody respects him for what he does. â€Å"Nick Naylor, the lead spokesman for bug tobacco, would have you believe he thinks cigarettes are harmless. But really he’s doing it for the mortgage. † This quote was taken from the newspaper article that was written about him in the movie. In this article Nick Naylor is described as a person that should not be respected for what his does because he is killing people on the daily. Another great technique Nick Naylor uses in the movie â€Å"Thank You for Smoking† is a nonverbal style. Throughout all of the interviews, meetings, and the testimony he had gone through he was relaxed and was able to state what he had to say without acting out. From finding out that his boss wanted him to go bribe a dying man with a suitcase of cash to keep quiet on the subject of his recent lung cancer to testifying in front of many people about how cigarette cartons shouldn’t have a warning label, he is calm, cool, and collected. This makes Nick Naylor look like he knows what he is talking about and very confident that what he is saying is true. Many people may think that the character Nick Naylor’s profession is unethical. The term ethical is defined as relating to moral principles or the branch of knowledge dealing with these. In other words it is being morally correct, but then the question of what is morally correct surfaces. The definition of moral is being concerned with the principles of right and wrong behavior and the goodness or badness of a human character. So is Nick Naylor’s profession ethical? In a sense it is not ethical. He knows that what he is trying to sell to America is harmful and could kill you, but he does it anyways because it is his job. Now if the question of, Nick Naylor being morally correct was asked I would have to say that he is. He manipulates his language in a manner so that he is not lying which means he is morally correct. So as long as you are not lying I believe that it is okay to use the same language as he did to persuade the audience of what is supposed to be proven. Even though persuasion is not ethical or morally correct a person can still be ethical while doing it.